Recent Submissions

  • Vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19 explored in a phenomic study of 259 socio-cognitive-behavioural measures in the UK-REACH study of 12,431 UK healthcare workers [In Press]

    Simpson, Sandra (2021)
    Background Vaccination is key to successful prevention of COVID-19 particularly nosocomial acquired infection in health care workers (HCWs). ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ is common in the population and in HCWs, and like COVID-19 itself, hesitancy is more frequent in ethnic minority groups. UK-REACH (United Kingdom Research study into Ethnicity and COVID-19 outcomes) is a large-scale study of COVID-19 in UK HCWs from diverse ethnic backgrounds, which includes measures of vaccine hesitancy. The present study explores predictors of vaccine hesitancy using a ‘phenomic approach’, considering several hundred questionnaire-based measures.
  • Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a multi-ethnic cohort of United Kingdom healthcare workers: A prospective nationwide cohort study (UK-REACH) [In Press]

    Simpson, Sandra (2022)
    Introduction Healthcare workers (HCWs), particularly those from ethnic minority groups, have been shown to be at disproportionately higher risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to the general population. However, there is insufficient evidence on how demographic and occupational factors influence infection risk among ethnic minority HCWs. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the United Kingdom Research study into Ethnicity And COVID-19 Outcomes in Healthcare workers (UK-REACH) cohort study. We used logistic regression to examine associations of demographic, household and occupational predictor variables with SARS-CoV-2 infection (defined by PCR, serology or suspected COVID-19) in a diverse group of HCWs. Results 2,496 of the 10,772 HCWs (23.2%) who worked during the first UK national lockdown in March 2020 reported previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. In an adjusted model, demographic and household factors associated with increased odds of infection included younger age, living with other key workers and higher religiosity. Important occupational risk factors associated with increased odds of infection included attending to a higher number of COVID-19 positive patients (aOR 2.49, 95%CI 2.03–3.05 for ≥21 patients per week vs none), working in a nursing or midwifery role (1.35, 1.15– 1.58, compared to doctors), reporting a lack of access to personal protective equipment (1.27, 1.15 – 1.41) and working in an ambulance (1.95, 1.52–2.50) or hospital inpatient setting (1.54, 1.37 – 1.74). Those who worked in Intensive Care Units were less likely to have been infected (0.76, 0.63–0.90) than those who did not. Black HCWs were more likely to have been infected than their White colleagues, an effect which attenuated after adjustment for other known predictors. Conclusions We identified key sociodemographic and occupational risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst UK HCWs, and have determined factors that might contribute to a disproportionate odds of infection in HCWs from Black ethnic groups. These findings demonstrate the importance of social and occupational factors in driving ethnic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes, and should inform policies, including targeted vaccination strategies and risk assessments aimed at protecting HCWs in future waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Mental health in a diverse sample of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analysis of the UK-REACH study [In Press]

    Simpson, Sandra (2022)
    Objectives To investigate how ethnicity and other sociodemographic, work, and physical health factors are related to mental health in UK healthcare and ancillary workers (HCWs), and how structural inequities in these factors may contribute to differences in mental health by ethnicity. Design Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the UK-REACH national cohort study Setting HCWs across UK healthcare settings. Participants 11,695 HCWs working between December 2020-March 2021. Main outcome measures Anxiety or depression symptoms (4-item Patient Health Questionnaire, cut-off >3), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms (3-item civilian PTSD Checklist, cut-off >5). Results Asian, Black, Mixed/multiple and Other ethnic groups had greater odds of PTSD than the White ethnic group. Differences in anxiety/depression were less pronounced. Younger, female HCWs, and those who were not doctors had increased odds of symptoms of both PTSD and anxiety/depression. Ethnic minority HCWs were more likely to experience the following work factors that were also associated with mental ill-health: workplace discrimination, feeling insecure in raising workplace concerns, seeing more patients with COVID-19, reporting lack of access to personal protective equipment (PPE), and working longer hours and night shifts. Ethnic minority HCWs were also more likely to live in a deprived area and have experienced bereavement due to COVID-19. After adjusting for sociodemographic and work factors, ethnic differences in PTSD were less pronounced and ethnic minority HCWs had lower odds of anxiety/depression compared to White HCWs. Conclusions Ethnic minority HCWs were more likely to experience PTSD and disproportionately experienced work and sociodemographic factors associated with PTSD, anxiety and depression. These findings could help inform future work to develop workplace strategies to safeguard HCWs’ mental health. This will only be possible with adequate investment in staff recruitment and retention, alongside concerted efforts to address inequities due to structural discrimination.
  • Characteristics of positive feedback provided by UK health service users: Content analysis of examples from two databases

    Lloyd, Rebecca; Slade, Mike; Ng, Fiona (2024)
    BACKGROUND: Most feedback received by health services is positive. Our systematic scoping review mapped all available empirical evidence for how positive patient feedback creates healthcare change. Most included papers did not provide specific details on positive feedback characteristics. OBJECTIVE(S): Describe positive feedback characteristics by (1) developing heuristics for identifying positive feedback; (2) sharing annotated feedback examples; (3) describing their positive content. METHOD(S): 200 items were selected from two contrasting databases: (1) https://careopinion.org.uk/; (2) National Health Service (NHS) Friends and Family Test data collected by an NHS trust. Preliminary heuristics and positive feedback categories were developed from a small convenience sample, and iteratively refined. RESULT(S): Categories were identified: positive-only; mixed; narrative; factual; grateful. We propose a typology describing tone (positive-only, mixed), form (factual, narrative) and intent (grateful). Separating positive and negative elements in mixed feedback was sometimes impossible due to ambiguity. Narrative feedback often described the cumulative impact of interactions with healthcare providers, healthcare professionals, influential individuals and community organisations. Grateful feedback was targeted at individual staff or entire units, but the target was sometimes ambiguous. CONCLUSION(S): People commissioning feedback collection systems should consider mechanisms to maximise utility by limiting ambiguity. Since being enabled to provide narrative feedback can allow contributors to make contextualised statements about what worked for them and why, then there may be trade-offs to negotiate between limiting ambiguity, and encouraging rich narratives. Groups tasked with using feedback should plan the human resources needed for careful inspection, and consider providing narrative analysis training. Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
  • Using online methods to recruit participants into mental health clinical trials: Considerations and recommendations from the RE-MIND study

    Hall, Charlotte L.; Rennick-Egglestone, Stefan; Martin, Jennifer L. (2024)
    BACKGROUND: Ensuring diversity in clinical trials can be a challenge, which may be exacerbated when recruiting vulnerable populations, such as participants with mental health illness. As recruitment continues to be the major cause of trial delays, researchers are turning to online recruitment strategies, e.g. social media, to reach a wider population and reduce recruitment time and costs. There is mixed evidence for the use of online recruitment strategies; therefore, the REcruitment in Mental health trials: broadening the 'net', opportunities for INclusivity through online methoDs (RE-MIND) study aimed to identify evidence and provide guidance for use of online strategies in recruitment to mental health trials, with a focus on whether online strategies can enhance inclusivity. This commentary, as part of the RE-MIND study, focusses on providing recommendations for recruitment strategy selection in future research with the aim to improve trial efficiency. A mixed-methods approach was employed involving three work packages: (I) an evidence review of a cohort of 97 recently published randomised controlled trials/feasibility or pilot studies in mental health to assess the impact of online versus offline recruitment; (II) a qualitative study investigating the experiences of n = 23 key stakeholders on use of an online recruitment approach in mental health clinical trials; (III) combining the results of WP1 and WP2 to produce recommendations on the use of an online recruitment strategy in mental health clinical trials. The findings from WP1 and 2 have been published elsewhere; this commentary represents the results of the third work package. CONCLUSION: For external validity, clinical trial participants should reflect the populations that will ultimately receive the interventions being tested, if proven effective. To guide researchers on their options for inclusive recruitment strategies, we have developed a list of considerations and practical recommendations on how to maximise the use of online recruitment methods.
  • Patient participation in mental health care - perspectives of healthcare professionals and patients: A scoping review

    Watson, Emma (2024-06-20)
    AIM: This scoping review aims to synthesize findings from fourteen selected articles to provide a comprehensive understanding of patient participation in mental healthcare. METHOD: The review analyzed articles employing various qualitative methodologies, including interviews and observations, to explore patient and healthcare professional perspectives. Articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic of patient participation in mental health care. RESULTS: The analysis revealed diverse perspectives on patient participation. Patients' preferences varied, with some preferring shared decision-making while others preferred minimal involvement. Barriers to shared decision-making included fear of judgment and substance misuse concerns. Strategies to manage disagreements and foster trusting relationships were identified. Challenges in implementing patient and public involvement in mental health services were noted, including stigma and inadequate professional training. Interprofessional collaboration was deemed fundamental, although fragmented care pathways and communication breakdowns persisted. Structural conditions and professional expectations significantly influenced patient participation, with a paternalistic approach perpetuating power imbalances. CONCLUSION: Despite challenges, the findings underscored the importance of empowering patients in treatment decision-making, promoting collaborative relationships, and addressing barriers to enhance patient-centered care in mental health settings. Insights from this review contribute to the discourse on patient-centered care, emphasizing the need for holistic approaches prioritizing patient dignity and well-being.
  • Effective induction of higherspecialist trainees in Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust

    Nisa, Zaib; Krishnan, Deepa B.; Junaid, Kehinde; Lankappa, Sudheer; Clarke, Tracey (2024)
    Introduction An effective induction is a crucial welcome for trainees. When done well, it will encourage them to utilise many learning opportunities available and ensure a smooth and supported transition to working in a complex, unfamiliar environment. (GMC Report 2020) Effective induction improves trainees’ satisfaction, performance, mental health, attendance, and they will feel welcomed and valued. Make clinical errors less likely which in turn improves patient safety. Increase retention and recruitment. Background I started my higher specialist training in General Adult Psychiatry in Nottingham (East Midlands Deanery) in August 2021 and there was no trust induction organised for HSTs. Having completed my Core Psychiatry training in a different Deanery, I was new to the Trust and the Deanery. Being new to the trust, remote working during the pandemic and no formal trust induction on the top meant that several higher trainees felt isolated and unsupported. I raised these concerns and shared the challenges with my Educational Supervisor who suggested that I lead on a QI project to improve the induction process for Higher trainees. Aims and objectives of the research project or activity To set up an effective Induction programme for future Higher Specialist Trainees in Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust. Method or approach I started with scoping exercise and reviewed the literature and policies around induction and found a key report from the General Medical Council (GMC) published in June 2020. I discussed my project idea with Dr Kehinde Junaid (DME) and Dr Deepa Krishnan (Consultant Psychiatrist, QSIR Associate) who agreed to supervise me and provide supervision with QI methodology. I carried out a stakeholder analysis and after discussion with medical education department, medical staffing and DME it was agreed to set up an Induction Programme in collaboration with all stakeholders. Following the initial stakeholder analysis, I devised a survey based on the GMC (2020) report. Survey was sent to all the HSTS working in the trust and mixed methods (qualitative & quantitative) approach was used. Findings After group and individual emails and multiple reminders, 50% of total HSTs completed the survey in 2021. Overall, the results of the 2021 survey showed very poor satisfaction and most trainees said they didn’t receive any induction. 50%-90% of HSTs did not receive information in 2021, in most of the key areas even after one month of starting work. Several consultation meetings were held with stakeholders between May to July 2022 to plan changes. Two key deliverables were agreed: Induction Booklet (delivered through this current project, I updated the original induction booklet offered to core trainees, FY and GPST doctors. I added sections relevant to higher trainees in close discussion and collaboration with medical education & medical staffing) A bespoke induction for higher trainees (Although this was delivered by Medical Education & medical staffing team, I played a crucial role in ensuring that there is a trainee voice in designing the agenda for the induction programme) New Induction plan implemented in August 2022. I carried out a post-implementation survey to assess impact of change. Results of survey showed improvements in all areas of induction. I have presented the comparative results of induction surveys in 2021 and 2022, to stakeholders and it was agreed: To continue with bespoke induction programme for higher specialist trainees (led by medical education and medical staffing) To update Induction Booklet (due to some changes in trust sites, trust leads and areas to be covered during on-calls). Revised Induction plan was implemented in Aug 2023. Key messages Leading this project has helped me: To learn about QI project management & the importance of early stakeholder engagement for a sustainable change. To make an improvement in important skills such as communication, team working, leadership and management. In organising a sustainable induction programme along with induction booklet for future HSTs. Attaining DrQI training from our trust QI team. Next steps are are reviewing this year’s post implementation survey results and sharing these with stakeholders to plan changes accordingly for induction programme in future.
  • Impact of community treatment orders on inpatient bed usage in assertive outreach team

    Iheonu, Chinyere (2021)
    Aims. To examine the impact of using Communty Treatment Orders (CTO) of the Mental Health Act on use of inpatient care in Assertive Outreach team. Background. Currently there is little evidence of the efficacy of community treatment orders (CTOs), and in particular with patients who use the Assertive Outreach service. One large randomised controlled study found no impact on use of inpatient care while a naturalistc study found significant impact. Method. Our primary outcome was the number of admissions with and without a CTO comparing each patient with themselves before CTO and under CTO( mirror-image ). Our secondary outcomes were the number of bed days, and the percentage of missed community visits post-discharge. We also looked at the potential cost savings of a reduction in inpatient bed usage. Result. All the 63 patients studied over period of 6 years had a severe and enduring mental illness. The use of a CTO was linked to a significant reduction in the number of admissions (mean difference = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.53-1.25, P < 0.0001) and bed days (mean difference = 158.65, 95% CI = 102.21-215.09, P < 0.0001) There was no significant difference in the percentage of missed community visits post-discharge. Looking at the costs, an average cost for an inpatient Assertive Outreach bed per day in the local Trust was 250, and there were 8145 bed days saved in total, making a potential saving of just over 2million, during the study period. Conclusion. This study suggests that the implementation of CTOs using clinical judgment and knowledge of patients can significantly reduce the bed usage of Assertive Outreach patients. The financial implications of CTOs need to be reviewed further, but this study does suggest that the implementation of CTOs is a cost-effective intervention and is economically advantageous to the local Trust.
  • Anxiety levels during COVID 19 pandemic in primary and secondary doctors in UK

    Mittal, Shweta (2021)
    Aims. The study aims to examine the severity of anxiety in primary and secondary doctors in the UK during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Method. An online General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD7) survey was distributed during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020) to doctors in primary and secondary care in the UK. Seven closed-ended questions were included in the questionnaire. Respondents were to indicate how frequently they experienced specific issues in the previous fortnight: Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; being unable to stop or control worrying; worrying too much generally; trouble relaxing; being so restless that it's hard to sit still; becoming easily annoyed or irritable, feeling afraid of something awful happening. Participants were required to tick one of four choices for each of the seven parameters - not at all (0), several days (1), more than half the days (2) and nearly every day (3). A person with minimal or no anxiety will score less than 5. The survey was anonymous and circulated in professional online doctors' forums. Participation was voluntary and no incentives were given. Result. 273 completed surveys were received; 120 doctors were in primary care and 153 were in secondary care. Average GAD7 score was 6.4 in primary care and 7.9 in secondary care. 57% of primary care doctors and 66% of secondary care doctors reported score of 5 or more, representing at least mild anxiety symptoms. 22% doctors in primary care and 31% doctors in secondary care reported GAD7 score of 10 or more, indicating moderate to severe anxiety. One in ten doctors in both primary and secondary care reported severe anxiety due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion. The finding of more anxiety in secondary care doctors might be because general practitioners could resort early in the pandemic to remote consultations along with inadequacy of resources, greater exposure to suffering/deaths of patients and colleagues in hospital and perceived risk of catching COVID-19 infection. Results are limited due to relatively low numbers and it would be useful to replicate this study on a larger scale. Doctors are less likely to acknowledge their mental health difficulties due to stigma associated with mental health. Many employers have psychological support systems in place for their staff, but it is questionable if affected individuals are willing to receive this support. This paper; therefore, calls for creating open anonymous platforms for professionals to get access to appropriate support to address their anxiety.
  • Core psychiatry trainees views on MRCPsych course structure and delivery at East Midlands Deanery

    Yanson, Ian J. (2021)
    Aims. The RCPsych curriculum for core training in Psychiatry (2013) requires each Deanery to run regional MRCPsych teaching programme. The East Midlands School of Psychiatry run a local MRCPsych course aimed at all core psychiatry trainees in the deanery. Before the pandemic, the course took place between two venues - Nottingham and Leicester. During the pandemic, the course was delivered via Microsoft teams. We aimed to collect the feedback from trainees regarding the course to help shape the MRCPsych Course programme according to their training needs. Method. We devised an online Microsoft forms questionnaire which included: Level of training Number of exams passed Relevance of MRCPsych content to clinical practice and membership exam Usefulness of mock exams, simulation scenarios and workshops towards clinical and exam practice Overall experience of the course Which additional sessions they would like to be included The effect of COVID-19 on their ability to attend in MRCPsych programme These forms were sent to all the trainees in the region via email. Result. Out of 44 trainees, 9 responded. 66.6% of the trainees who responded were CT1 and 33.3% CT2. 45% had passed Paper A and 55% had not passed any exams. 78% of them agreed and 11% strongly agreed that course was relevant to the clinical practice. 55.6% agreed that course was relevant to membership course. 44.4% agreed and 11% strongly agreed that mock exams were useful. 66.7% agreed and 11% strongly agreed that simulation case scenarios and workshops were useful for exam and clinical practice. 22.2% strongly agreed and 33.3% agreed that sessions were engaging and motivating. Overall experience of MRCPsych exam was rated as excellent (11%), good (55%), satisfactory (22%) and poor (11%). Suggestions to add additional sessions included antiracism in psychiatry, more mock exams, practical management of cases, to organise more interactive sessions on Microsoft teams, in-depth coverage of exam topics, to organise full day teaching sessions instead of half day. 33.3% of trainees commented that COVID-19 had impacted on their ability to attend the exam as initially face to face sessions were cancelled till end of May 2020 and when started there were technical issues with the online platform Conclusion. Consider feedback received in modifying aspects of the MRCPsych course To share the results with trainers and course tutors Arrange relevant mock exam sessions Include the topics suggested by trainees and improve the experience of online learning by making it more interactive Limitations: small sample size.
  • Non-peer professionals' understanding of recovery and attitudes towards peer support workers joining existing community mental health teams in the North Denmark Region: A qualitative study

    Slade, Mike (2024)
    Peer support is a collaborative practice where people with lived experience of mental health conditions engage in supporting like-minded. Peer support impacts on personal recovery and empowerment and creates value at an organisational level. However, the implementation of peer support into existing mental health services is often impeded by barriers embedded in organisational culture and support in role expectations. Non-peer professionals' recovery orientation and attitudes towards peer support workers (PSWs) are essential factors in the implementation of peer support, and this study explored non-peer professionals' understanding of recovery and their attitudes towards PSWs joining existing community mental health teams in one region of Denmark. In total, 17 non-peer professionals participated in three focus groups. Thematic analysis led to three themes: (1) Recovery is a process of "getting better" and balancing personal and clinical perspectives; (2) Realising recovery-oriented practice: a challenging task with conflicting values; and (3) Expectations and concerns about peer support workers joining the team. Recovery-oriented practice faces challenging conditions in contemporary mental health services due to a dominant focus on biomedical aspects in care and treatment. Implementation facilitators and barriers in the employment of PSWs point towards fundamental aspects that must be present when employing PSWs in an organisation. The issues described leading up to the employment of PSWs reflected in this study underpin the importance of preparing an organisation for the employment of PSWs based on the available knowledge.
  • Mental health workers' perspectives on the implementation of a peer support intervention in five countries: Qualitative findings from the UPSIDES study

    Slade, Mike; Charles, Ashleigh (2024)
    OBJECTIVE: The introduction of peer support in mental health teams creates opportunities and challenges for both peer and non-peer staff. However, the majority of research on mental health workers' (MHWs) experiences with peer support comes from high-income countries. Using Peer Support In Developing Empowering Mental Health Services (UPSIDES) is an international multicentre study, which aims at scaling up peer support for people with severe mental illness in Europe, Asia and Africa. This study investigates MHWs experiences with UPSIDES peer support. DESIGN: Six focus groups with MHWs were conducted approximately 18 months after the implementation of the UPSIDES peer support intervention. Transcripts were analysed with a descriptive approach using thematic content analysis. SETTING: Qualitative data were collected in Ulm and Hamburg (Germany), Butabika (Uganda), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Be'er Sheva (Israel) and Pune (India). PARTICIPANTS: 25 MHWs (19 females and 6 males) from UPSIDES study sites in the UPSIDES Trial (ISRCTN26008944) participated. FINDINGS: Five overarching themes were identified in MHWs' discussions: MHWs valued peer support workers (PSWs) for sharing their lived experiences with service users (theme 1), gained trust in peer support over time (theme 2) and provided support to them (theme 3). Participants from lower-resource study sites reported additional benefits, including reduced workload. PSWs extending their roles beyond what MHWs perceived as appropriate was described as a challenge (theme 4). Perceptions about PSWs varied based on previous peer support experience, ranging from considering PSWs as equal team members to viewing them as service users (theme 5). CONCLUSIONS: Considering local context is essential in order to understand MHWs' views on the cooperation with PSWs. Especially in settings with less prior experience of peer support, implementers should make extra effort to promote interaction between MHWs and PSWs. In order to better understand the determinants of successful implementation of peer support in diverse settings, further research should investigate the impact of contextual factors (eg, resource availability and cultural values). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN26008944.
  • Findings from three neurodevelopmental psychiatry educational events aimed at medical students and junior doctors

    Shaikh, Nasreen; Singh, Niraj (2022)
    Aims. To review feedback from three Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry educational events attended by medical students and junior doctors, to establish their impact and whether they can influence interest in Psychiatry/Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry as a career. Methods. Three events were organised to a) increase understanding of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry and b) promote career interest in the specialty, aiding recruitment efforts. Two were Face to Face Events (FFEs) whereas one was an Online Event (OE) in keeping with COVID-19 restrictions. The programme for the events was varied including key clinical topics such as Intellectual Disability, autism, ADHD and epilepsy as well as leadership, management, research and training information. Presentations were approximately 20 min in duration. 31 delegates attended the 2018 FFE, 28 attended the 2019 FFE and 65 attended the 2020 OE. The 2018 FFE and 2020 OE were primarily attended by medical students whereas the 2019 FFE was attended primarily by junior doctors. Delegates rated each presentation from 1 (poor) to 5(excellent) and provided comments. At the 2018 and 2019 FFEs we assessed impact on career interest. Results. * The majority of delegates from both FFEs agreed that such events helped to facilitate understanding of neurodevelopmental psychiatry and encourage recruitment to psychiatry. * The majority of delegates at the 2019 FFE agreed that their interest in a career in neurodevelopmental psychiatry had increased following attendance * Attendance was highest at the 2020 OE and overall rating was 4.63/5. * Across the events, popular topics were Autism, Career path and Physical Health needs in Intellectual disability. * Themes in terms of comments included "friendly, inspiring speakers" and "opportunity for interactivity" (noted at OE). Conclusion. Both the OE and FFEs were enjoyed by medical students and junior doctors. Analysis showed key topics such as autism attract interest but also that diverse topics in different formats are important. Human factors that seemed important included inspiring, friendly speakers and a relaxed, interactive atmosphere. OEs are cost-effective and have the potential to attract a bigger audience but may present a challenge in terms of interaction. FFEs impact positively on career interest and this needs to be assessed further in terms of online events.
  • Typology of employers offering line manager training for mental health

    Thomson, Louise (2024)
    BACKGROUND: Mental ill health has a high economic impact on society and employers. National and international policy advocates line manager (LM) training in mental health as a key intervention, but little is known about employer training provisions. AIMS: To explore the prevalence and characteristics of organizations that offer LM training in mental health. METHODS: Secondary analysis of existing longitudinal anonymised organizational-level survey data derived from computer-assisted telephone interview surveys collected in four waves (2020:1900 firms, 2021:1551, 2022:1904, 2023:1902) in England, before, during and after a global pandemic. RESULTS: The proportion of organizations offering LM training in mental health increased pre- to post-pandemic (2020:50%, 2023:59%) but 41% do not currently provide it. Logistic regression confirmed that LM training is more likely to be offered by large-sized enterprises, organizations with a larger proportion of employees who are younger (aged 25-49), female, disabled and from ethnic minority communities. Sector patterns were inconsistent, but in 2023, organizations from the 'Hospitality' and 'Business Services' sectors were more likely to provide LM training than other sectors. CONCLUSIONS: Continued efforts are needed to increase the proportion of employers offering LM training in mental health, particularly small- to medium-sized enterprises, and organizations with predominantly male, White and/or older workforces.
  • Experiences and impact of psychiatric inpatient admissions far away from home: A qualitative study with young people, parents/carers and healthcare professionals

    Nazir, Saeed; Horton, Kate; Morriss, Richard K.; Sayal, Kapil (2024)
    BACKGROUND: There are significant clinical, policy and societal concerns about the impact on young people (YP), from admission to psychiatric wards far from home. However, research evidence is scarce. AIMS: To investigate the impact of at-distance admissions to general adolescent units, from the perspectives of YP, parents/carers and healthcare professionals (HCPs) including service commissioners, to inform clinical practice, service development and policy. METHOD: Semistructured interviews with purposive samples of YP aged 13-17 years (n=28) and parents/carers (n=19) across five large regions in England, and a national sample of HCPs (n=51), were analysed using a framework approach. RESULTS: There was considerable agreement between YP, parents/carers and HCPs on the challenges of at-distance admissions. YP and parents/carers had limited or no involvement in decision-making processes around admission and highlighted a lack of available information about individual units. Being far from home posed challenges with maintaining home contact and practical/financial challenges for families visiting. HCPs struggled with ensuring continuity of care, particularly around maintaining access to local clinical teams and educational support. However, some YP perceived separation from their local environment as beneficial because it removed them from unhelpful environments. At-distance admissions provided respite for some families struggling to support their child. CONCLUSIONS: At-distance admissions lead to additional distress, uncertainty, compromised continuity of care and educational, financial and other practical difficulties, some of which could be better mitigated. For a minority, there are some benefits from such admissions. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Standardised online information, accessible prior to admission, is needed for all Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services units. Additional practical and financial burden placed on families needs greater recognition and consideration of potential sources of support. Policy changes should incorporate findings that at-distance or adult ward admissions may be preferable in certain circumstances.
  • Health service improvement using positive patient feedback: Systematic scoping review

    Lloyd, Rebecca; Gaskin-Williams, Amy; Slade, Mike; Kotera, Yasuhiro; Loughlin-Ridley, Joanne; Enston, Claire (2023)
    BACKGROUND: Healthcare services regularly receive patient feedback, most of which is positive. Empirical studies suggest that health services can use positive feedback to create patient benefit. Our aim was to map all available empirical evidence for how positive patient feedback creates change in healthcare settings. METHODS: Empirical studies in English were systematically identified through database searches (ACM Digital Library, AMED, ASSIA, CINAHL, MEDLINE and PsycINFO), forwards and backwards citation, and expert consultation. We summarise the characteristics of included studies and the feedback they consider, present a thematic synthesis of qualitative findings, and provide narrative summaries of quantitative findings. RESULTS: 68 papers were included, describing research conducted across six continents, with qualitative (n = 51), quantitative (n = 10), and mixed (n = 7) methods. Only two studies were interventional. The most common settings were hospitals (n = 27) and community healthcare (n = 19). The most common recipients were nurses (n = 29). Most outcomes described were desirable. These were categorised as (a) short-term emotional change for healthcare workers (including feeling motivated and improved psychological wellbeing); (b) work-home interactional change for healthcare workers (such as improved home-life relationships); (c) work-related change for healthcare workers (such as improved performance and staff retention). Some undesirable outcomes were described, including envy when not receiving positive feedback. The impact of feedback may be moderated by characteristics of particular healthcare roles, such as night shift workers having less interaction time with patients. Some factors moderating the change created by feedback are modifiable. CONCLUSION: Further interventional research is required to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of receiving positive feedback in creating specific forms of change such as increases in staff retention. Healthcare managers may wish to use positive feedback more regularly, and to address barriers to staff receiving feedback.
  • Ethnic inequalities among NHS staff in England: Workplace experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic

    Morriss, Richard K. (2024)
    OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine how workplace experiences of National Health Service (NHS) staff varied by ethnicity during the COVID-19 pandemic and how these experiences are associated with mental and physical health at the time of the study. METHODS: An online Inequalities Survey was conducted by the Tackling Inequalities and Discrimination Experiences in Health Services study in collaboration with NHS CHECK. This Inequalities Survey collected measures relating to workplace experiences (such as personal protective equipment (PPE), risk assessments, redeployments and discrimination) as well as mental health (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7)), and physical health (PHQ-15) from NHS staff working in the 18 trusts participating with the NHS CHECK study between February and October 2021 (N=4622). RESULTS: Regression analysis of this cross-sectional data revealed that staff from black and mixed/other ethnic groups had greater odds of experiencing workplace harassment (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.43 (95% CI 1.56 to 3.78) and 2.38 (95% CI 1.12 to 5.07), respectively) and discrimination (AOR 4.36 (95% CI 2.73 to 6.96) and 3.94 (95% CI 1.67 to 9.33), respectively) compared with white British staff. Staff from black ethnic groups also had greater odds than white British staff of reporting PPE unavailability (AOR 2.16 (95% CI 1.16 to 4.00)). Such workplace experiences were associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes, though this association varied by ethnicity. Conversely, understanding employment rights around redeployment, being informed about and having the ability to inform redeployment decisions were associated with lower odds of poor physical and mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Structural changes to the way staff from ethnically minoritised groups are supported, and how their complaints are addressed by leaders within the NHS are urgently required.
  • The impact of reduced routine community mental healthcare on people from minority ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic: Qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives

    Franklin, Donna (2024)
    BACKGROUND: Enduring ethnic inequalities exist in mental healthcare. The COVID-19 pandemic has widened these. AIMS: To explore stakeholder perspectives on how the COVID-19 pandemic has increased ethnic inequalities in mental healthcare. METHOD: A qualitative interview study of four areas in England with 34 patients, 15 carers and 39 mental health professionals from National Health Service (NHS) and community organisations (July 2021 to July 2022). Framework analysis was used to develop a logic model of inter-relationships between pre-pandemic barriers and COVID-19 impacts. RESULTS: Impacts were largely similar across sites, with some small variations (e.g. positive service impacts of higher ethnic diversity in area 2). Pre-pandemic barriers at individual level included mistrust and thus avoidance of services and at a service level included the dominance of a monocultural model, leading to poor communication, disengagement and alienation. During the pandemic remote service delivery, closure of community organisations and media scapegoating exacerbated existing barriers by worsening alienation and communication barriers, fuelling prejudice and division, and increasing mistrust in services. Some minority ethnic patients reported positive developments, experiencing empowerment through self-determination and creative activities. CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 pandemic some patients showed resilience and developed adaptations that could be nurtured by services. However, there has been a reduction in the availability of group-specific NHS and third-sector services in the community, exacerbating pre-existing barriers. As these developments are likely to have long-term consequences for minority ethnic groups' engagement with mental healthcare, they need to be addressed as a priority by the NHS and its partners.
  • Healthcare professionals' experiences of recovery-oriented collaboration between mental health centres and municipalities: A qualitative study

    Watson, Emma (2024)
    Collaboration within mental health centres and with municipalities in Western European healthcare has presented challenges due to structural and cultural disparities. The Danish healthcare system faces obstacles that impact mental healthcare services, particularly in cross-sectorial cooperation. Our aim was to investigate healthcare professionals' experiences of recovery-oriented collaboration within a mental healthcare setting across hospitals and municipalities to gather a deeper understanding of this issue. Twenty-four employees were purposively sampled from mental health centres in Copenhagen and focus group interviews were conducted to explore their perceptions of working together. Inductive content analysis was used to analyse the data and identify themes and categories. The participants emphasised challenges in communication and coordination to improve collaboration within across the two sectors. This study can contribute to a greater understanding of collaboration between mental health centres and municipalities. It aims to inspire improvements in communication, coordination, and the optimisation of mental health service delivery across sectors.
  • Clinical decision-making style preferences of European psychiatrists: Results from the ambassadors survey in 38 countries

    Slade, Mike (2022)
    BackgroundWhile shared clinical decision-making (SDM) is the preferred approach to decision-making in mental health care, its implementation in everyday clinical practice is still insufficient. The European Psychiatric Association undertook a study aiming to gather data on the clinical decision-making style preferences of psychiatrists working in Europe.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional online survey involving a sample of 751 psychiatrists and psychiatry specialist trainees from 38 European countries in 2021, using the Clinical Decision-Making Style – Staff questionnaire and a set of questions regarding clinicians’ expertise, training, and practice.ResultsSDM was the preferred decision-making style across all European regions ([central and eastern Europe, CEE], northern and western Europe [NWE], and southern Europe [SE]), with an average of 73% of clinical decisions being rated as SDM. However, we found significant differences in non-SDM decision-making styles: participants working in NWE countries more often prefer shared and active decision-making styles rather than passive styles when compared to other European regions, especially to the CEE. Additionally, psychiatry specialist trainees (compared to psychiatrists), those working mainly with outpatients (compared to those working mainly with inpatients) and those working in community mental health services/public services (compared to mixed and private settings) have a significantly lower preference for passive decision-making style.ConclusionsThe preferences for SDM styles among European psychiatrists are generally similar. However, the identified differences in the preferences for non-SDM styles across the regions call for more dialogue and educational efforts to harmonize practice across Europe.

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