Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM)

Abstract

Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and staging of primary breast cancer. It combines an iodinated contrast agent with conventional mammography to improve diagnostic accuracy, particularly in women with denser parenchymal background patterns. This review describes the CESM technique, reviews performance compared to conventional mammography and magnetic resonance imaging, assesses its role in the diagnosis and staging of primary breast cancer, and investigates its potential as a screening tool. Copyright © 2018 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.