Dynamics of the cerebral autoregulatory response to paced hyperventilation assessed using subcomponent and time-varying analyses

Abstract

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be altered by a change in partial pressure of arterial CO2 (Pco2), being reduced during hyperventilation (HPV). Critical closing pressure (CrCP) and resistance area product (RAP) are parameters that can be studied to understand this change, but their dynamic response has not been investigated during paced HPV (PHPV). Seventy-five participants had recordings at rest and during PHPV. Blood pressure (BP) (Finometer), bilateral CBF velocity (CBFV) (transcranial Doppler), end-tidal CO2 (capnography), and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. Subcomponent analysis (SCA) and time-varying CrCP, RAP, and dynamic cerebral autoregulation (autoregulation index, ARI) were estimated by comparing PHPV with poikilocapnia. PHPV caused a change in CBFV (P < 0.01), EtCO2, (P < 0.01), HR (P < 0.001), and RAP (P < 0.01). SCA demonstrated RAP was the main parameter explaining the changes in CBFV due to PHPV. The time-varying step responses for CBFV and RAP during PHPV demonstrated considerable nonstationarity compared with poikilocapnia (P < 0.00001). Although time-varying ARI was temporarily depressed, after 60 s of PHPV it was significantly higher (6.81 ± 1.88) (P < 0.0001) than in poikilocapnia (5.08 ± 1.86). The mean plateau of the RAP step response was -98.3 ± 58.8% 60 s after the onset of PHPV but -71.7 ± 45.0% for poikilocapnia (P = 0.0026), with no corresponding changes in CrCP (P = 0.6). Further work is needed to assess the role of sex and aging in our findings, and the potential for using RAP and CrCP to improve the sensitivity and specificity of CO2 reactivity studies in cerebrovascular conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The dynamic response of critical closing pressure (CrCP) and resistance-area product (RAP) of the cerebral circulation to a step change in mean arterial pressure can shed light on the nonstationary changes induced by paced hyperventilation and the effects of hypocapnia on the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Contrary to hypercapnia, where the response is dominated by CrCP, hypocapnia shows an initial depression of cerebral autoregulation, followed by improvements controlled by changes in RAP.