OBJECTIVES: To our knowledge, this systematic review is the first to assess pharmacy-involved interprofessional education (IPE) simulation activities in establishing current methodological effectiveness using Kirkpatrick's Evaluation Model. This is a training evaluative model that assesses educational training activities according to 4 levels: reaction, learning, behavior, and results. FINDINGS: From the 3108 studies retrieved, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies achieved levels 1 and 2 of Kirkpatrick's Evaluation Model, and 1 achieved level 3. One study only achieved level 1. Single-group, pre- and posttest studies were the most common study designs (n = 9), and 1 study followed a longitudinal approach. IPE duration ranged from 45 min to 5 days, and most of the studies were conducted in the United States (n = 10). Most studies alluded to an underpinning theory behind IPE simulation design and chose surveys as their mode of data collection. SUMMARY: The most common limitation reported was the uneven representation of professions and a lack of data on the studies' effect in practice. To demonstrate the achievement of outcomes in relation to levels 3 and 4, there is a need for longitudinal studies of IPE simulation activities. Although evaluative studies showed a positive response to IPE simulation at a basic level, there is a lack of effective integration of theory behind IPE design. Future studies need to consider this when setting the infrastructure of IPE design, as well as making efforts to mobilize stakeholders in the workplace to help facilitate transfer of learning.

The study aimed to quantify the incidence of missed antibiotic doses in acute hospitals and identify the underlying reasons using data from electronic prescribing and medicines administration systems (EPMAS), thus establishing the feasibility of determining a minimal acceptable range for missed antibiotic doses. Methods Prescribing and administration data for antimicrobials were extracted from three hospital EPMAS (1 April 2010-31 March 2011). Data transfer protocols were developed and context mapping undertaken to ensure consistent analysis and interpretation. Total and missed numbers of antibiotic doses were calculated. The top 20 prescribed antibiotics were determined and the reasons for missed antibiotic doses were recorded. Results A data set of 1 157 576 antibiotic administration events was compiled. The percentage of missed antibiotic doses ranged from 5.90% to 10.26% of the total. The percentage use of the 'Medicine unavailable' reason for missed antibiotic doses was a very small proportion of the total numbers of antibiotic doses prescribed (range 0.64-0.98%). Conclusions This study has demonstrated that large data sets from different EPMAS can be used to quantify the incidence of missed antibiotic doses in acute hospitals. It is proposed that the numbers of 'Nil By Mouth' and 'appropriate clinical reasons' for dose omission provide an estimate of the maximum proportion of valid missed antibiotic doses within any hospital (range 0.3-4.6% of total antibiotic doses prescribed), so it is suggested that the acceptable level of missed antibiotics should be approximately 5% of the total number of doses intended. Active intervention by senior hospital management appears to lead to the reduction in numbers of missed antibiotic doses. Medicines supply failure was not a significant reason for missed antibiotic administration.